Tag Archives: Cell

Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium

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Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium

“Now we can understand, at least partially, many natural programs that have not yet been decoded by simply reading the DNA sequence.”
Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium. They hope that in the future this will enable the translation of the genome’s “operating system”; they are working in the new field of synthetic biology and believe that this will be “the high tech of bio tech”.
The prestigious science journal, Cell, reports that Technion researchers in collaboration with Caltech researchers have successfully built a “biological Rosetta Stone” within a bacterium, by developing a new understanding of the group of bacterial regulators called Enhancers. These objects encompass non-gene coding sequences on DNA, to which proteins attach. These objects function by integrating several proteins, and upon reaching the correct combination, the target gene is expressed. By learning how to “program” these enhancer, the researchers hope to gain a more precise control of gene expression.

“One of the central discoveries in biology in the post-genome era is the understanding that the main factors contributing to the differences between organisms (for instance, between mice and men) is not the result of genes,” explains Dr. Roee Amit of the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion, who began his research as part of a post-doctoral fellowship at Caltech. “The origin of this difference is in the algorithm or program that determines when, where and how any gene will be expressed. In the past few years a new picture of the genome is becoming clearer, and as a result, also a model in which the genome is perceived as a complex tool for storage and dissemination of information.”

The objective of the Technion researchers is to decode the “software” that controls the process and use this knowledge to develop medical applications. “In order to do this, we intend to create a ‘Rosetta Stone’ for the gene regulatory code (the original Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele that had the same ancient text inscribed on it in three different languages, as a result of which archaeologists were able to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics),” says Dr. Amit.

“This tool will be used to ‘hack’ the control program of real organisms and consequently allow us to ‘write’ new programs – which do not exist in nature – for medical purposes, environmental applications, etc. Synthetic biology is a new branch of life science, which takes a constructive/building approach. It attempts to use biological components to construct new biological systems that do not exist in nature. It forces us to really examine our understanding by requiring us to use what we think we understand in order to create biological functions. It allows us to ask why evolution “locked onto” specific patterns, to imagine and create new biological functions and forces us to work in a multidisciplinary fashion.”

The approach of researchers in synthetic biology is based on using characteristic genomic components and arranging them together (or “wiring” them to each other) in new architectures. In the next stage they develop patterns based on thermodynamic models, and in the end, they analyze the output using their model. By doing this, they can draw basic programming principles that permit them to translate the architecture and the sequence into computer algorithms. “If we succeed in writing a sequence that predicts our output based on computerized rules that we found in the ‘Rosetta Stone’ – we can then use this ‘key’ to decipher certain sequences that appear in the genome,” says Dr. Amit.
In the paper appearing in Cell, the Technion researchers show that they can use this approach to develop a new understanding of enhancers among bacteria. These sequences are common to all living creatures and may be thought of as modular objects that can combine “input” or signals. Because bacterial enhancers have a simpler architecture and at times it is easier to characterize them, the Technion researchers chose to focus on them first. The researches demonstrated the possibility of building new bacterial enhancer programs that will lead to a physical model of the control program, or to the “machine code”. The researchers note that the type of computerization that takes place in this context is reminiscent of analogue computing processes more than digital ones.
“This Rosetta Stone, in the bacterial context, has enabled us to formulate a new understanding, or qualitative model, for many examples of bacterial enhancers in nature, most of which have never been analyzed,” stresses Dr. Amit. “Now we can understand, at least partially, many natural programs that have not yet been decoded by simply reading the DNA sequence.”

Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium

Leave a comment
Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium

“Now we can understand, at least partially, many natural programs that have not yet been decoded by simply reading the DNA sequence.”
Technion researchers successfully build “a biological Rosetta Stone” inside a bacterium. They hope that in the future this will enable the translation of the genome’s “operating system”; they are working in the new field of synthetic biology and believe that this will be “the high tech of bio tech”.
The prestigious science journal, Cell, reports that Technion researchers in collaboration with Caltech researchers have successfully built a “biological Rosetta Stone” within a bacterium, by developing a new understanding of the group of bacterial regulators called Enhancers. These objects encompass non-gene coding sequences on DNA, to which proteins attach. These objects function by integrating several proteins, and upon reaching the correct combination, the target gene is expressed. By learning how to “program” these enhancer, the researchers hope to gain a more precise control of gene expression.

“One of the central discoveries in biology in the post-genome era is the understanding that the main factors contributing to the differences between organisms (for instance, between mice and men) is not the result of genes,” explains Dr. Roee Amit of the Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering at the Technion, who began his research as part of a post-doctoral fellowship at Caltech. “The origin of this difference is in the algorithm or program that determines when, where and how any gene will be expressed. In the past few years a new picture of the genome is becoming clearer, and as a result, also a model in which the genome is perceived as a complex tool for storage and dissemination of information.”

The objective of the Technion researchers is to decode the “software” that controls the process and use this knowledge to develop medical applications. “In order to do this, we intend to create a ‘Rosetta Stone’ for the gene regulatory code (the original Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele that had the same ancient text inscribed on it in three different languages, as a result of which archaeologists were able to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics),” says Dr. Amit.

“This tool will be used to ‘hack’ the control program of real organisms and consequently allow us to ‘write’ new programs – which do not exist in nature – for medical purposes, environmental applications, etc. Synthetic biology is a new branch of life science, which takes a constructive/building approach. It attempts to use biological components to construct new biological systems that do not exist in nature. It forces us to really examine our understanding by requiring us to use what we think we understand in order to create biological functions. It allows us to ask why evolution “locked onto” specific patterns, to imagine and create new biological functions and forces us to work in a multidisciplinary fashion.”

The approach of researchers in synthetic biology is based on using characteristic genomic components and arranging them together (or “wiring” them to each other) in new architectures. In the next stage they develop patterns based on thermodynamic models, and in the end, they analyze the output using their model. By doing this, they can draw basic programming principles that permit them to translate the architecture and the sequence into computer algorithms. “If we succeed in writing a sequence that predicts our output based on computerized rules that we found in the ‘Rosetta Stone’ – we can then use this ‘key’ to decipher certain sequences that appear in the genome,” says Dr. Amit.
In the paper appearing in Cell, the Technion researchers show that they can use this approach to develop a new understanding of enhancers among bacteria. These sequences are common to all living creatures and may be thought of as modular objects that can combine “input” or signals. Because bacterial enhancers have a simpler architecture and at times it is easier to characterize them, the Technion researchers chose to focus on them first. The researches demonstrated the possibility of building new bacterial enhancer programs that will lead to a physical model of the control program, or to the “machine code”. The researchers note that the type of computerization that takes place in this context is reminiscent of analogue computing processes more than digital ones.
“This Rosetta Stone, in the bacterial context, has enabled us to formulate a new understanding, or qualitative model, for many examples of bacterial enhancers in nature, most of which have never been analyzed,” stresses Dr. Amit. “Now we can understand, at least partially, many natural programs that have not yet been decoded by simply reading the DNA sequence.”

Nanomed: the secrets of cell fusion

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The treatment of worm parasites will be upgraded thanks to a discovery by researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. The work of biology Prof. Benjamin Podbilewicz and his colleagues can be implemented immediately to develop the treatment, he says, after discovering proteins that merge any two animal cells – even a virus – with mammalian cells.

Podbilewicz and his colleagues discovered a family of genes in many organisms that normally merge cells to form body organs. Transfer of such genes to mammalian cells is enough to fuse any two cells, even those that do not naturally fuse. An engineered pseudo-virus was successfully targeted with this technology to infect animal cells. This discovery, which recently appeared in Science, is aimed at treating parasites not only in plants and cattle but also in humans.

The ability of two or more cells to fuse into one is vital for the initial development of an embryo by fusing the sperm and ovum, and for the development of body organs such asthe skeleton, muscles and placenta. Despite the importance of the fusion process for human health and reproduction, the cell fusion mechanism is still unknown. Yet certain enveloped viruses use similar strategies, which have been deciphered in detail, to fuse and infect body cells of their host such as flu and the HIV virus.

These processes are being unraveled in Podbilewicz’s lab, as critical proteins mediating the process in animals have now been identified for the first time and their operating mechanism characterized at the molecular level.

In the just-published research, his doctoral student Ori Avinoam discovered that this fusion family (“FF”) of genes – initially discovered by their lab in common C. elegans worms – also exists in other organisms, and that when transferred to mammalian cells, are enough to force any two cells to fuse.

“In the beginning we thought we had discovered a gene family that exists only in nematode worms,” says Podbilewicz. “We were surprised to discover that these genes also exist in other organisms, which makes them or others similar to them the leading candidates for being responsible for the fusion process between cells in all kingdoms of life.”

In the future, they conclude, this discovery will enable scientists to understand how cells in the human body fuse, and then help treat diseases stemming from defects in the fusion process that are liable to cause serious problems in fertility and the musculoskeletal system.

img_05064
Ori Avinoam

2006-2  Podbilewicz, B., Leikina, E., Sapir, A., Valansi, C., Suissa, M., Shemer, G. and Chernomordik, L. V. (2006). The C. elegans developmental fusogen EFF-1 mediates homotypic fusion in heterologous cells and in vivo. Dev Cell 11, 471-81.  
2004-2  Shemer, G., Suissa, M., Kolotuev, I., Nguyen, K. C., Hall, D. H. and Podbilewicz, B. (2004). EFF-1 is sufficient to initiate and execute tissue-specific cell fusion in C. elegans. Curr Biol 14, 1587-91.  
developmental_cell 
Mohler, W. A., Shemer, G., del Campo, J. J., Valansi, C., Opoku-Serebuoh, E., Scranton, V., Assaf, N., White, J. G. and Podbilewicz, B. (2002). The type I membrane protein EFF-1 is essential for developmental cell fusion. Dev Cell 2, 355-62.  

Nanomed: the secrets of cell fusion

Leave a comment

The treatment of worm parasites will be upgraded thanks to a discovery by researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. The work of biology Prof. Benjamin Podbilewicz and his colleagues can be implemented immediately to develop the treatment, he says, after discovering proteins that merge any two animal cells – even a virus – with mammalian cells.

Podbilewicz and his colleagues discovered a family of genes in many organisms that normally merge cells to form body organs. Transfer of such genes to mammalian cells is enough to fuse any two cells, even those that do not naturally fuse. An engineered pseudo-virus was successfully targeted with this technology to infect animal cells. This discovery, which recently appeared in Science, is aimed at treating parasites not only in plants and cattle but also in humans.

The ability of two or more cells to fuse into one is vital for the initial development of an embryo by fusing the sperm and ovum, and for the development of body organs such asthe skeleton, muscles and placenta. Despite the importance of the fusion process for human health and reproduction, the cell fusion mechanism is still unknown. Yet certain enveloped viruses use similar strategies, which have been deciphered in detail, to fuse and infect body cells of their host such as flu and the HIV virus.

These processes are being unraveled in Podbilewicz’s lab, as critical proteins mediating the process in animals have now been identified for the first time and their operating mechanism characterized at the molecular level.

In the just-published research, his doctoral student Ori Avinoam discovered that this fusion family (“FF”) of genes – initially discovered by their lab in common C. elegans worms – also exists in other organisms, and that when transferred to mammalian cells, are enough to force any two cells to fuse.

“In the beginning we thought we had discovered a gene family that exists only in nematode worms,” says Podbilewicz. “We were surprised to discover that these genes also exist in other organisms, which makes them or others similar to them the leading candidates for being responsible for the fusion process between cells in all kingdoms of life.”

In the future, they conclude, this discovery will enable scientists to understand how cells in the human body fuse, and then help treat diseases stemming from defects in the fusion process that are liable to cause serious problems in fertility and the musculoskeletal system.

img_05064
Ori Avinoam

2006-2  Podbilewicz, B., Leikina, E., Sapir, A., Valansi, C., Suissa, M., Shemer, G. and Chernomordik, L. V. (2006). The C. elegans developmental fusogen EFF-1 mediates homotypic fusion in heterologous cells and in vivo. Dev Cell 11, 471-81.  
2004-2  Shemer, G., Suissa, M., Kolotuev, I., Nguyen, K. C., Hall, D. H. and Podbilewicz, B. (2004). EFF-1 is sufficient to initiate and execute tissue-specific cell fusion in C. elegans. Curr Biol 14, 1587-91.  
developmental_cell 
Mohler, W. A., Shemer, G., del Campo, J. J., Valansi, C., Opoku-Serebuoh, E., Scranton, V., Assaf, N., White, J. G. and Podbilewicz, B. (2002). The type I membrane protein EFF-1 is essential for developmental cell fusion. Dev Cell 2, 355-62.